Deep-sea predation on crinoids by fish

Deep-sea research conducted using a submersible has, for the first time, provided direct evidence of antagonistic interactions between fish (Ophidiiformes) and stalked crinoids. Data collected during several expeditions indicate a low frequency of arm damage in stalked crinoids, a slow rate of regeneration, and low mortality. These findings suggest that the deep sea serves as a refuge for crinoids from predators and shed new light on the relationship between the intensification of predation during the so-called Mesozoic Marine Revolution and the displacement of stalked crinoids from shallow marine environments.